Europeans are living in a time of momentous change. Principles and arrangements we have taken for granted since the end of the Second World War are finding their way to the scrap heap of history. We will not be able to go on as if nothing has happened, but how we can and will respond is not entirely clear.
Where are
we departing from? Two lessons of the Second World War have, more than anything
else, shaped our mindset and international rules of behavior since the middle
of the last century, the immense carnage of the war itself and the abhorrent
atrocities against the Jews and other minorities committed by Nazi Germany.
After the
war, political leaders and the general public were determined that this catastrophe
should not be repeated. The United States, one of the victors in the war and
the one that suffered the least damage, took the initiative to rule-based
international relations meant to replace war as the ultimate arbitrator of
international disputes. This had indeed been tried before in response to the
equally horrendous First World War, through the League of Nations. The victors
of the Second World War, in particular the United States, thought that their new
construct, the United Nations, had overcome the deficiencies of the League of
Nations. In this they turned out to be largely mistaken, but still one would
have to say that rules and negotiations rather than military conflicts have
settled international disputes to a greater extent than earlier in our history.
The second reaction
to the carnage of the war was the redirection of effort and priorities to the
general well-being of citizens rather than military prowess. This is most
vividly illustrated by the outcome of the general election in Britain at the
end of the war. The voters preferred the Labour leader Clement Attlee to their
legendary war-time leader Winston Churchill. Attlee and Labour set out to build
the National Health Service, which became a model for similar development
elsewhere in Western Europe. General pension schemes followed later. Even if the
modern European welfare state had its antecedents in Europe before the war,
even before the First World War, it really took off after the Second World War.
Strangely,
perhaps, this reemphasis on welfare rather than war suffered little setback
from the momentous event that the two major victors of the Second World War,
the Soviet Union and the United States, fell out and faced each other with
daggers drawn for over forty years. Rather, one could maintain that this
European reemphasis on welfare rather than war was strengthened. The United
States was adamant not to lose western Europe to a predatory Soviet Union and
initiated the defense alliance NATO which promised massive American retaliation
in case the Soviet Union attacked any NATO country. European military forces were
still maintained and were certainly expected to contribute to their countries’
defense, but the American security guarantee most likely meant that the
European forces got less attention and resources than they would have if
Europeans had been required to face the Soviet threat alone.
The
withering of the Soviet Union and its ultimate disappearance in 1991
strengthened the European emphasis on welfare rather than war. Before 1990 one
could say that the Europeans built their welfare states in the shadow of the
American security guarantee. After 1990 one could say that a security guarantee
was obsolete; the Soviet Union had disappeared and its ambitions with it. For a
long time there seemed to be no threat on the horizon requiring European military
response. European military forces withered, even if they did not disappear.
Europe cashed in its peace dividend and fed it to their welfare state.
Let us now
return to the second lesson from the Second World War, the systematic annihilation
of the Jews by Nazi Germany. After these atrocities became known there was a
general revolt against these events and the philosophy behind them. People were
to be treated as equals, irrespective of race and religion. Laws were passed
and international conventions on human rights established. In particular,
people fleeing from persecution in their home countries were given rights of
asylum. Refugees from the repressive and dysfunctional regimes in the Soviet
Union and its satellites in Eastern Europe were welcomed in western Europe,
partly as a proof of the horrors of a political system western Europeans sought
American protection against.
Over time,
a deluge of asylum seekers, many of whom just posed as such, descended on
Europe. Some were fleeing from wars and persecutions, but more just from
dysfunctional governments and lack of opportunities, of which there seemed
plenty in Europe. Equal rights sound appealing in the abstract, but migrants
are real people coming with their baggage, especially of the kind that is
lightest to carry; their cultural traditions and habits. People cherish these
things, also those that we in Europe find primitive and maybe even repugnant. This
import is of doubtful value to European societies, and in their wake has come
clan culture and gangsterism. Raising these issues was for long considered bad
habit in polite society, but the experiences of mass immigration of people from
alien cultures have now reached the point where the European authorities are
seeking solutions that not so long ago were deemed belonging to an extremist
fringe.
Recent
events in the United States have suddenly upended the European security situation.
The solution where the United States provides the ultimate threat against a
military challenge, which at the present time can only come from Russia, is no
longer available. Europeans will have to find a solution which can only depend
on their own efforts. This is going to take a long time, if at all feasible. Military
forces will have to be built up and soldiers recruited from a population
containing a large and increasing share of old people and immigrants whose
loyalty can be doubted. Europe is still divided into different nation states
which has taken hundreds of years to build and served Europe well in years past,
but they are too fragmented in a world where a few strongmen of industrially
mighty nations aspire to rearrange the furniture on the world stage as they see
fit. The European Union is not fit for purpose; even if large it is too loose
and, truth be told, was not formed to deal with questions of military security.
A small coalition of the mightiest European nations is needed to lead any
credible defense against a rapacious Russia, whose ambition to dominate Europe is
probably limited only by how much it can digest.
To rise to
this challenge, a fundamental change of course is needed. It is all fine and
well for European leaders to say, as they have said about the war in Ukraine,
that national borders cannot be changed by wars. Well, this is the traditional
way to do it, and only in the eighty years after the Second World War have such
methods been absent in Europe. Without the necessary military might to mobilize
against those who do not want to play by the European rules, such “rules” are
nothing other than wishful thinking.
Rebuilding
armies is going to require resources. Where are they going to come from?
European public finances are not in a good condition; French and Italian government
debts appear unsustainable. Germany, which is the only European country with a
reasonable public debt, seems now to be jumping on the debt bandwagon, for the
purpose of building up its military strength. It is difficult to see how Europe
can rebuild its military strength without drastically reducing the reach of its
welfare state. But, and better, Europe could save money by abandoning its
endeavors to save the world’s climate by doing away entirely with its climate
policy. Firstly, Europe, with its 7% share of the world’s CO2
emissions, is not in a position to do much about the problem, which does not
seem to be taken seriously by most other countries. Secondly, the world’s
climate problem seems greatly exaggerated and possibly even entirely imaginary.
The climate policy has resulted in the highest energy prices in the world and
is helping to downsize European industry. But industrial might is the
foundation European military might will have to be built on if European defense
is to be at all credible.
So what
kind of a future beckons for Europe where world events are decided by a few
strongmen making deals according to the strength of the cards they hold? Such methods
have never been entirely absent in world events, but seem to be the preferred
option for the present American leadership. A fractured and industrially and
militarily weak Europe can have no strongmen of its own. But there are always
these quaint and different cultures with their different traditions and languages
and relics from a more glorious past that the tourists from more consequential
places can come and look at.